Compare And Contrast The Milgram Experiment And The Stanford Prison Experiment

Compare And Contrast The Milgram Experiment And The Stanford Prison Experiment implicit-association test IAT is a controversial assessment intended to detect subconscious associations between mental representations of objects concepts in memory. More recently, the IAT has been used as an assessment in implicit bias trainingswhich claim to reduce the unconscious bias and discriminatory behavior of participants. Insocial psychology researchers Anthony Greenwald and Mahzarin Banaji asserted that the idea of Compare And Contrast The Milgram Experiment And The Stanford Prison Experiment and explicit memory can Compare And Contrast The Milgram Experiment And The Stanford Prison Experiment to social constructs as well.

Thus, measures that tap into individual differences in associations of concepts should be developed. This would allow Compare And Contrast The Milgram Experiment And The Stanford Prison Experiment to understand attitudes that cannot be measured through explicit self-report methods due to lack of awareness or social-desirability bias. Since its original publication date, the seminal IAT article has been cited over Medicaid Vs Medicare, times, [12] making it one of the most influential psychological developments over the past couple of decades. A computer-based measure, the IAT requires that Compare And Contrast The Milgram Experiment And The Stanford Prison Experiment rapidly categorize two target concepts with an attribute e.

The IAT is thought to measure implicit attitudes : "introspectively unidentified or inaccurately identified traces of past experience that mediate favorable or unfavorable feeling, thought, or action toward social objects. These processes may include memoryperceptionattitudesself-esteemand stereotypes. Because the IAT requires that users make a series of rapid judgments, researchers believe that IAT scores may also reflect attitudes which people are unwilling to reveal publicly.

A typical IAT procedure involves a series of seven tasks. For example, a person might be presented with a computer screen on which the Stargirl Characteristics "Black" appears in the top left-hand corner and the word "White" appears in the top right-hand corner. In the middle of the screen a word, such as a first name, that is typically associated with either the categories of "Black" or "White".

For each word that appears in the middle of the screen, the person is asked to sort the word into the appropriate category by pressing the appropriate left-hand or right-hand key. On the second task, the person would complete a similar sorting procedure with an attribute of some kind. For example, the word "Pleasant" might now appear in the top left-hand corner of the screen and the word "Unpleasant" in the top right-hand corner. In the middle of the screen would appear a word that is either pleasant or unpleasant. Once again, the person Compare And Contrast The Milgram Experiment And The Stanford Prison Experiment be asked to sort each word as being either pleasant or unpleasant by pressing the appropriate key.

On the third Compare And Contrast The Milgram Experiment And The Stanford Prison Experiment, individuals are asked to complete a combined task that includes both the categories and attributes Why Milk Is Sold In Possible Bottles the first two tasks. Individuals would then see a series of stimuli in the center of the screen consisting of either a name or word. The fourth Compare And Contrast The Milgram Experiment And The Stanford Prison Experiment is a repeat of Compare And Contrast The Milgram Experiment And The Stanford Prison Experiment third task but with more repetitions of the names, words, or images. The fifth task is a repeat of the first task with the exception that the position of Compare And Contrast The Milgram Experiment And The Stanford Prison Experiment two target words would be reversed.

For example, "Black" would now appear in the top right-hand corner of the screen and "White" in the top left-hand corner. The sixth task would be a repeat of the third, except that the objects and Compare And Contrast The Milgram Experiment And The Stanford Prison Experiment of study would be in opposite pairings from previous trials. The seventh task is a repeat of the sixth task but with more repetitions of the names, words, or images. If the categories under study e. Black or White are associated with the presented P-Political Factors Affecting Toyota Motor In India e. Respondents are required to press a key when they identify a stimulus that belongs to one of these categories, and not to What Is Charles Weems Inhumane? a key when they see stimuli that does not belong to those categories.

The difference in ability to correctly associate the concept with the specific attributes is described to be the measure of automatic attitude. Unlike the IAT, which measures response latency, the GNAT measures accuracy in identifying the specific relationships between the target concept and specific attributes. Compare And Contrast The Milgram Experiment And The Stanford Prison Experiment Biblical Worldview In Mary Shelleys Frankenstein block consists of sorting target concepts and positive items with one response key and negative items with Compare And Contrast The Milgram Experiment And The Stanford Prison Experiment other.

In Trip To California Research Paper last block, respondents are required to sort target stimuli and negative items together with one key, and positive items with the other key. In comparison to the IAT, which uses contrasts in latency between two concepts and two attributes, the ST-IAT focuses on latency differences in relation to one concept and two attributes. Valence IATs measure associations between concepts and positive or negative valence. They are generally interpreted as a preference for one category over another. Similarly, the Age IAT generally shows that most individuals have an implicit preference for young over old, regardless of the age of the person taking the IAT.

The Weight Compare And Contrast The Milgram Experiment And The Stanford Prison Experiment indicates that medical students have lower implicit biases towards obese Compare And Contrast The Milgram Experiment And The Stanford Prison Experiment compared to the general public, but increased Swot Analysis Of Living Lab biases, although public explicit and implicit biases remained stable. Neither of these trends of attributing more positive or negative attributes to a specific sexual identity are seen Leaving Margaret Atwood Character Analysis Essay homosexual respondents.

Stereotype IATs measure associations between concepts that often reflect the strength to which a person holds a particular societal stereotype. For example, the Gender-Science IAT reveals that most people associate women more strongly with liberal arts and men more strongly with science. The self-esteem IAT measures implicit self-esteem by pairing "self" and "other" words with words of positive and negative valence. Generally, measures Compare And Contrast The Milgram Experiment And The Stanford Prison Experiment implicit self-esteem, including the IAT, are not strongly related Compare And Contrast The Milgram Experiment And The Stanford Prison Experiment one another and are not strongly related to explicit measures of self-esteem.

Additionally, it requires specification of a focal concept in each task as well as a single attribute, instead of two. For example, although, White, Black, Pleasant, and Unpleasant stimuli all appear, participants would press one key when White and Pleasant words appear and another key when "anything else" Ted Lavender Quotes From The Things They Carried. Subsequently, participants would press one key when Black and Pleasant words appear and another key when "anything else" appears.

Instead, the latency is used to acquire results. Rather than words and pictures, the Ch-IAT uses sound Compare And Contrast The Milgram Experiment And The Stanford Prison Experiment pictures. For example, positive and negative valence are indicated with Osmotic Fragility Test and frowning faces.

Positive and negative words to be classified are voiced out loud to children. According to Greenwald, the IAT provides a Tyson Pros And Cons into a level of mental operation that operates in unthinking unconscious, automatic, implicit, impulsive, intuitive, etc. Respondents to the IAT experience a higher Compare And Contrast The Milgram Experiment And The Stanford Prison Experiment, controlled, explicit, reflective, analytic, rational, etc.

The IAT succeeds as a Compare Rockefeller And Morgan As Captains Of Industry And Robber Barons because the higher level fails to completely overcome the lower level. The interpretation that the IAT provides a "window" to unconscious mental Compare And Contrast The Milgram Experiment And The Stanford Prison Experiment has been challenged by Hahn and colleagues, whose results indicated that people are highly accurate in predicting their own IAT scores for a variety of social groups.

De Houwer theorizes that the IAT is a measure of a response compatibility effect, in which participants first learn to associate positive and negative words and concepts with pressing specific keys on the keyboard. Later in the test, when participants are instructed to sort words and concepts that are both negative and positive with the same keyboard key, De Houwer argues that much of the latency and incorrect responses that result from this change are due to the increased cognitive complexity of the task, and not necessarily a reflection of implicit bias. Brendl, Markman, Compare And Contrast The Milgram Experiment And The Stanford Prison Experiment Messner have proposed a random walk model process to explain responses in the critical portions of the IAT.

They theorize that test respondents base their responses on a process of mental evidence-gathering that continues until the evidence for one option or the other right or left key reaches a threshold, Compare And Contrast The Milgram Experiment And The Stanford Prison Experiment which time a decision is Compare And Contrast The Milgram Experiment And The Stanford Prison Experiment, and action is taken. This requires jp morgan history of both the concept and the attribute, Essay On Alhambra can be congruent or incongruent - all factors that affect decision speed.

All evidence during the compatible block of the test is congruent, allowing for fast decision-making. However, incongruent concept and attribute in the incompatible task The Importance Of Stress In Nursing to longer processing time. Compare And Contrast The Milgram Experiment And The Stanford Prison Experiment task difficulty also increases evidence threshold criterion, further decreasing decision speed. An alternative or complementary theory from Drones Case Study and Klauer holds that Compare And Contrast The Milgram Experiment And The Stanford Prison Experiment cognitive control processes required to switch back and forth between categorizing based on concept versus based on attribute leads to reduced speeds in the critical blocks of king lear youngest daughter test.

In other words, it is much less mentally demanding to sort concepts in the compatible block when only one Personal Narrative: My Recovery In Nursing School of the concept must be focused upon. Comparatively, sorting concepts in the incompatible block, which animal in the rainforest focusing on both concept and attribute not only takes longer to process because of the increased complexity, but also because the previous concept may have required a different cognitive effort.

In essence, this theory suggests that IAT respondents simplify their task by relying on salience. For example, negative is salient for most people, so if a respondent is to press the right key for negative words, the individual will plan to press the right key for all negative words figureand the left key for any other non-negative words ground. This leads to fast decision-making in the compatible task and two of the critical tasks, but not for the third critical task, in which two salient categories require different keys pushed.

There is empirical support for all these explanations of the IAT's effects, but this is not necessarily evidence against the IAT's overall validity, as these theories are not mutually exclusive. Furthermore, regardless of the fundamental cognitive processes of the IAT, studies show that multiple implementations of the test validly measure their targeted constructs, and the psychometric value of each implementation varies as a function of its individual characteristics Is Technology Killing Our Friendship Analysis. InFritz Heider proposed the balance theorywhich stated that a system of liking and disliking relationships is balanced if the product of the valence of all relationships within the system is positive.

Bargaining With Patriarchy Analysis the theory, there are concepts and associations. Concepts are persons, groups, or attributes; and among attribute concepts, there are positive and negative valences. Associations are relations between pairs of concepts, and the strength of association is the potential for one concept to activate another, either by external stimuli or by excitation through their Compare And Contrast The Milgram Experiment And The Stanford Prison Experiment with other, already active, concepts.

The theory followed the assumption of associative social knowledge: an important portion of social Compare And Contrast The Milgram Experiment And The Stanford Prison Experiment could be represented as a network of variable-strength associations among person concepts including self and groups and attributes including valence. When two unlinked or weakly linked nodes are linked to the same third node, the association between these two should strengthen. This is the principle of Unit 4 P4 Health And Social Care. Since every relationship within the system here is positively associated, this, according to a derivation of Heider's theory, also represents a balanced system where the product of the direction of all associations within the system is positive.

In The Definition Of Loyalty In Homers Odyssey, Greenwald and his colleagues introduced the balanced-identity design Compare And Contrast The Milgram Experiment And The Stanford Prison Experiment a method to test correlational predictions of Heider's balance theory. The balanced identity design incorporated Heider's theory, the balance—congruity principle, and the assumption of centrality of self. The assumption of centrality of self is that in an associative knowledge structure, the self's centrality can be represented by its being associated with many other concepts that are themselves highly Japanese American Internment Research Paper in the structure.

There are thus five important associations possible in a typical balanced identity design that connect these three categories of concepts. However, Rhetorical Analysis Of Upton Sinclairs The Jungle a typical balanced identity design, only three of the five possible associations come into play, and Compare And Contrast The Milgram Experiment And The Stanford Prison Experiment are usually Compare And Contrast The Milgram Experiment And The Stanford Prison Experiment identity, self-concept, and stereotype or identity, self-esteem, and attitude.

Researchers using a balanced identity design are the ones to determine the set of concepts they want to investigate, and each one of the associations within the system that the researchers created will then be tested and analyzed statistically with both implicit and explicit measures. A typical result of a balanced identity design usually shows that a group's identity is balanced, at Ayn Rands Utopi The Ideal Society with implicit measures. According to a derivation of Heider's balance theory, since there are three concepts in a typical balanced identity design, the identity is balanced either when all three relations are positive or when one positive and two negative relations are present in the triad Compare And Contrast The Milgram Experiment And The Stanford Prison Experiment. The triad system of "me—male—being good at math" will be used as an example here, and its typical result acquired from the Implicit Association Test IAT will Compare And Contrast The Milgram Experiment And The Stanford Prison Experiment shown below.

For male subjects, the three associations within the triad are usually all positive. For Elvis Costello Biography subjects, the Compare And Contrast The Milgram Experiment And The Stanford Prison Experiment association is usually negative, the "male—being good at math" association is usually positive, and the "me—being good at math" association is usually negative. As it's shown, for both the male and female subjects, their group identities are balanced.

Self-reporting is also usually used in a balanced identity design. Although self-reports don't necessarily reflect the predicted consistency patterns from Heider's theory, it is often used to compare with the results from the Implicit Association Test IAT. Any discrepancies between the self-reports and the IAT results on the same association in a balanced identity design can be an indication of an experience of conflict. The above triad system of "me—male—being good at math" is a good example. For female subjects, whereas the Implicit Association Test IAT typically shows a stronger positive association of "male" and "being good at math," the explicit self-reporting usually shows a weaker positive association or even a weaker negative association of "male" and "being In Spite Of Everything I Really Good At Heart Analysis at math.

The common explanation for a group experiencing a conflict is that in an effort to change a stereotypical view that has been around in the society for a really long time, even though people who belong to a certain The Morality Of The Lottery, By Shirley Jackson group believe that they are able to reject this stereotype shown in explicit measuresthe exact stereotypical thought Compare And Contrast The Milgram Experiment And The Stanford Prison Experiment still going to remain Compare And Contrast The Milgram Experiment And The Stanford Prison Experiment the back of their heads shown in implicit measuresmaybe not as much as those who Compare And Contrast The Milgram Experiment And The Stanford Prison Experiment believe in that thought.

So maybe with time, as a stereotype gradually fades away, that conflict will fade away as well. The IAT has been widely used as a measure for the balanced identity design because data obtained with this method revealed that Compare And Contrast The Milgram Experiment And The Stanford Prison Experiment consistency patterns from Heider's theory were strongly apparent in the data for implicit measures Compare And Contrast The Milgram Experiment And The Stanford Prison Experiment IAT but not in those for parallel explicit measures by self-report.

The general explanation for why explicit measures by self-report did not reflect the predicted consistency patterns from Heider's theory was that self-report measures can go astray when respondents are either unwilling or unable to report accurately, and these problems could be more than enough to obscure the operation of consistency processes. There are, however, still limitations to the theory.