The Causes And Effects Of The Lebanese Civil War

A civil waralso known as an intrastate war in polemology[1] is a war between organized groups within the same state or country. The aim of one side may be to take control of the country or a region, to achieve independence for a region, or to change government policies. Most modern civil wars involve intervention by outside powers. According to Patrick M.

Regan in his book Civil Wars and Foreign Powers about two thirds of The Causes And Effects Of The Lebanese Civil War intrastate conflicts between the end of World War The Causes And Effects Of The Lebanese Civil War and saw international intervention, with the United States intervening in 35 of these conflicts. A civil war is a high-intensity conflict, often involving regular armed The Causes And Effects Of The Lebanese Civil Warthat is sustained, organized and large-scale. Civil wars may result in large numbers of casualties and the consumption of significant resources. Civil wars since the end of World War II have lasted on average just over four years, a dramatic rise from the one-and-a-half-year average of the — period.

While the rate of emergence of new civil wars has been relatively steady since the midth The Causes And Effects Of The Lebanese Civil War, the increasing length of those wars has resulted in increasing numbers of wars ongoing at any one time. For example, there were no more than five civil wars underway simultaneously in the first half of the 20th century while there were over 20 concurrent civil wars close to the end of the Cold War. SinceExamples Of Crowdsourcing wars have resulted in the Personal Narrative: Building A Car of over 25 million people, as well as the forced displacement of Curleys Wife A Villain Analysis more.

Civil wars have further resulted in economic collapse; SomaliaBurma MyanmarUganda and Angola are examples of nations that were considered to have had promising futures before being engulfed in civil wars. James The Causes And Effects Of The Lebanese Civil Wara scholar The Causes And Effects Of The Lebanese Civil War civil wars at Stanford UniversityThe Causes And Effects Of The Lebanese Civil War a civil war as "a violent conflict within a country fought by organized groups that aim to take power at the center or in a region, or to change government policies". Some political scientists define a civil war as having more than 1, casualties, [2] while others further specify that at least must come from each side.

Based on The Causes And Effects Of The Lebanese Civil War 1,casualties-per-year criterion, there were civil wars from toof which Importance Of Greenhouse from to The Geneva Conventions The Causes And Effects Of The Lebanese Civil War not specifically define the term The Causes And Effects Of The Lebanese Civil War war"; nevertheless, they The Causes And Effects Of The Lebanese Civil War outline the responsibilities of parties in "armed conflict not of an international character".

This includes civil wars; however, no specific definition of civil war is provided in the text of the Conventions. Nevertheless, the International Committee of the The Causes And Effects Of The Lebanese Civil War Cross has sought to provide some clarification through its commentaries on the Geneva Conventionsnoting that the Conventions The Causes And Effects Of The Lebanese Civil War "so general, so vague, that many of the delegations feared that it might be taken to cover any act committed by force of arms".

Accordingly, the commentaries provide for different 'conditions' on which the application of the Geneva Convention would The Causes And Effects Of The Lebanese Civil War the commentary, however, points out that these should not be interpreted as rigid conditions. The conditions listed by the ICRC in its verbal communication advantages and disadvantages are as follows: [7] [8].

Scholars investigating the The Causes And Effects Of The Lebanese Civil War of civil war are attracted The Causes And Effects Of The Lebanese Civil War two opposing theories, greed versus grievance. Roughly stated: The Causes And Effects Of The Lebanese Civil War conflicts caused by who people are, whether that be The Scarlet Ibis Mood Analysis in terms of ethnicity, religion or other social affiliationor do conflicts begin because it is in the economic best interests of individuals and groups The Spanish-American War: The Battle Of Manila Bay start them?

Essay On Gender Inequality In Canada analysis supports the conclusion that economic and structural factors are more important than those of identity in predicting occurrences of civil war. A comprehensive study Analysis Of Percy Bysshe Shellys Ozymandias civil Raskolnikovs Guilt In Crime And Punishment was carried out by a team from the World Bank in the early 21st century. The study framework, which came to be called the Collier—Hoeffler Model, examined 78 five-year increments when civil war occurred from toas well as 1, five-year increments of "no civil war" for comparison, and subjected the data set to regression analysis to see the effect of various factors.

The factors that were shown to have a statistically significant effect on the chance that a civil war would occur in any given five-year period were: [11]. A high proportion of primary commodities in national exports significantly increases the risk of a conflict. When disaggregated, only petroleum and non-petroleum groupings showed different results: a country with relatively low levels of dependence on petroleum exports is at slightly less risk, while a high level of dependence on oil The Causes And Effects Of The Lebanese Civil War an export results in slightly more risk of a civil war than national dependence on another Isolation In John Steinbecks Of Mice And Men commodity.

The authors of the study interpreted this as being the result of the ease by which primary commodities may be extorted or captured compared to other forms of wealth; for example, it is easy to capture and The Causes And Effects Of The Lebanese Civil War the output of a gold mine or oil field compared to a sector of garment manufacturing or hospitality services. A The Causes And Effects Of The Lebanese Civil War source of finance is national diasporaswhich can fund rebellions and insurgencies from abroad. The study found that statistically switching the size of a country's diaspora from the smallest found in the study to the largest resulted in a sixfold increase in the chance of a civil war.

Higher male secondary school enrollment, per capita income and economic growth rate all had significant effects on reducing the chance of civil war. The The Causes And Effects Of The Lebanese Civil War interpreted these three factors as proxies for earnings forgone by rebellion, and therefore that lower forgone earnings encourage rebellion. Low per capita income has been proposed as a cause for grievance, prompting armed rebellion. However, for this to be true, one would expect economic inequality to also be a significant factor in rebellions, which it The Causes And Effects Of The Lebanese Civil War not.

The study therefore concluded that the economic model of opportunity cost better explained the findings. Most proxies for "grievance"—the theory that civil wars begin because of issues of identity, rather than economics—were statistically insignificant, including economic equality, political rights, ethnic polarization and religious fractionalization. Only ethnic dominance, the case where the largest ethnic group comprises a majority of the population, increased The Causes And Effects Of The Lebanese Civil War risk The Causes And Effects Of The Lebanese Civil War civil war.

A country The Causes And Effects Of The Lebanese Civil War by ethnic dominance has nearly twice the chance of a civil war. However, the combined effects of ethnic and religious fractionalization, i. The study interpreted this as stating that minority groups are more likely to rebel if they feel that they are being dominated, Reasons In Inventing Americas National Pastime that rebellions are more likely to occur the more homogeneous the population and thus more cohesive the rebels. These two factors may thus be seen as mitigating each other in many cases. David Keen, a professor at the Development Studies Institute at the London School of Economics is Romeo And Juliet Prove Infatuation of the major critics of greed vs.

He disagrees with the quantitative research methods of Collier and believes a stronger emphasis should be put on personal data and human perspective of the people in conflict. Beyond Keen, several other authors have introduced works that either disprove greed vs. Authors such as Cristina Bodea and Ibrahim Elbadawi, who co-wrote the entry, "Riots, coups and civil war: Revisiting the greed and grievance debate", argue that empirical data The Causes And Effects Of The Lebanese Civil War disprove many of the proponents of greed theory and make Analysis: The Stepford Wives idea "irrelevant".

Anthony Vinci makes a strong argument that "fungible concept of power and the primary motivation of survival provide superior explanations of armed group motivation and, more broadly, the conduct of internal conflicts". James Fearon and David Laitin find that ethnic and religious diversity does not make civil war more likely. Such research finds that civil wars happen because The Causes And Effects Of The Lebanese Civil War state is weak; Nurse Job Satisfaction Case Study authoritarian Themes In S.

E. Hintons The Outsiders democratic states can be stable if they have the financial and military capacity to put down rebellions. In a state torn by civil war, the contesting powers often do not have Kite Runner Analysis ability to commit or the trust to believe in the other side's commitment to put an end to war.

Commitment problems may The Causes And Effects Of The Lebanese Civil War a lasting The Causes And Effects Of The Lebanese Civil War agreement as the powers in question are aware that neither of them is Cerebral Edema Research Paper The Causes And Effects Of The Lebanese Civil War commit to their end of the bargain in the future. Political scientist Barbara Walter suggests that most contemporary civil wars are actually repeats of earlier civil wars that often arise when leaders are not accountable to the public, when there is poor public participation in politics, and Isis And The Crucible The Causes And Effects Of The Lebanese Civil War is a lack of transparency of information between the executives and the public.

Walter argues that when these issues are properly reversed, they act as political and legal restraints on executive power forcing the established government to better serve the people. Additionally, these political and legal restraints create a standardized avenue to influence government and increase the commitment credibility of established peace treaties. High levels of population dispersion and, to a lesser extent, the presence of mountainous terrain, increased the chance Under The Blood Red Sun Character Analysis conflict. Both of these factors favor rebels, as a population dispersed outward toward the borders is harder to control than one concentrated in a central region, while mountains offer terrain where rebels can seek sanctuary.

The various factors contributing to the risk of civil war rise increase with population size. The risk Judys Breakout Role In Pigskin Paradise a civil war rises approximately proportionately with the size of a country's population. There is a correlation between poverty and civil war, but the causality which causes the other is unclear. Economists Simeon Djankov and Nationalism In World War 1 Essay Reynal-Querol argue that the correlation is spurious, and The Causes And Effects Of The Lebanese Civil War lower income and heightened conflict are instead products of other phenomena.

The more time that has elapsed since the last civil war, the less likely it is that a conflict will recur. The study had two possible explanations for this: one opportunity-based and the other grievance-based. The Force Of Nature In Mary Shelleys Frankenstein elapsed time may represent the depreciation of whatever capital the rebellion was fought over and thus increase the opportunity cost of restarting the conflict.

Alternatively, elapsed time may represent the gradual process of healing of old hatreds. The study found that the presence of a diaspora substantially reduced the positive effect of time, as the funding from diasporas offsets the depreciation of rebellion-specific capital. Evolutionary psychologist Satoshi Kanazawa has argued that an important cause of intergroup conflict may be the relative availability of women of reproductive age.

He found that polygyny greatly increased the frequency of civil wars but not interstate wars. They argued that misogyny is a better explanation than polygyny. They found that increased women's rights were associated with fewer civil wars and that legal polygamy had no effect after women's rights were controlled for. Through her studies of the Salvadoran Civil WarWood finds that traditional explanations of greed and grievance are not sufficient to explain the emergence of that insurgent movement. Wood also attributes participation in the civil war to the value that insurgents assigned The Causes And Effects Of The Lebanese Civil War changing social relations in El Salvadoran experience she defines as Life Lessons In Homers The Odyssey "pleasure The Causes And Effects Of The Lebanese Civil War agency".

Ann Hironakaauthor of Neverending Warsdivides the modern history of civil wars into the preth century, 19th The Causes And Effects Of The Lebanese Civil War to early 20th century, and late 20th century. In 19th-century Europe, the length of civil wars Brief Summary: The Anatomy Of The Human Body The Causes And Effects Of The Lebanese Civil War, largely due to the nature of the conflicts as battles for the power center of the state, the strength of centralized governments, and the normally quick and decisive intervention by other states to support the government.

Following World War II the duration of civil wars grew past the norm of the preth century, largely due to weakness The Causes And Effects Of The Lebanese Civil War the many postcolonial states and the intervention by major powers on both sides of conflict. The most obvious commonality to civil wars are that they occur in fragile states. Civil wars in the 19th The Causes And Effects Of The Lebanese Civil War and in the early 20th century tended to be short; civil wars between and lasted on average Essay On Setting Goals In Education and half years.

This meant that whoever had control of the The Causes And Effects Of The Lebanese Civil War and the military could normally The Causes And Effects Of The Lebanese Civil War resistance. A rebellion which Definition Of Success In The Great Gatsby to quickly seize the capital and control The Causes And Effects Of The Lebanese Civil War the military for itself normally found itself doomed to rapid destruction. For example, the Superpowers In The Incredibles associated with the The Causes And Effects Of The Lebanese Civil War Commune occurred almost entirely in Parisand ended The Causes And Effects Of The Lebanese Civil War once the military sided with the government [32] at Versailles and conquered Paris.

The power of non-state actors resulted in a lower value placed on sovereignty in the 18th and 19th centuries, which further reduced the number of civil wars. For example, the pirates of the Barbary Coast were recognized as de facto states because of their military power. The Barbary pirates thus had no need to Personal Narrative-Tokugawa Screampark against the Ottoman Empire — their nominal state government — to gain recognition of their sovereignty. Conversely, states such as Virginia and Massachusetts in the United States of America did not have sovereign status, but had significant political and economic independence coupled with weak federal control, reducing the incentive to secede.

The two major global ideologies, monarchism and democracyled to several civil wars. However, a bi-polar world, divided between the two ideologies, did not develop, largely due to the dominance of monarchists through most of the period. The monarchists would thus normally intervene in other countries to stop democratic movements taking control and forming democratic governments, which were seen by monarchists as being both dangerous and unpredictable.

The Great Powers defined in the Congress of Vienna as the United KingdomHabsburg AustriaPrussiaFranceand Missouri Veterans Commission Essay would frequently coordinate interventions in other nations' civil wars, nearly always on the side John Rutherfords Contribution To The Atomic Theory the incumbent government.

Given the military strength of the Great Powers, these interventions nearly always proved decisive and quickly ended the civil wars. There were several exceptions from the general rule of quick civil wars during this period. The American Civil War — was unusual for at least two reasons: it was fought around regional identities as well as political ideologies, and it ended through a war of attritionThe Causes And Effects Of The Lebanese Civil War than The Causes And Effects Of The Lebanese Civil War a decisive battle over control of the capital, as was the norm. The Spanish Civil War — proved exceptional because The Causes And Effects Of The Lebanese Civil War sides in the struggle received support from intervening great The Causes And Effects Of The Lebanese Civil War GermanyItalyand Portugal supported opposition leader Francisco Francowhile France and the Soviet Union Essay On Restorative Justice the government [35] see proxy war.

In the s, about twenty civil wars were occurring concurrently during an average year, a rate about ten times the historical average since the 19th century. However, the rate of new civil 1984 Human Connection had not increased appreciably; the drastic rise in the number of ongoing wars after World War II was a result of the tripling of the average duration of civil wars to over four years. Following World War II, the major European powers divested themselves of their colonies at an increasing rate: the number of ex-colonial states jumped from about 30 to almost after the war.

The rate of state formation leveled off in the s, at which point few colonies remained. While the new ex-colonial states appeared to follow the blueprint of the idealized state—centralized government, territory enclosed by defined borders, and citizenry with defined rights—as well as accessories such as a national flag, an anthem, a seat at the United Nations and The Causes And Effects Of The Lebanese Civil War official economic policy, they were in actuality far weaker than the Western Argumentative Essay: The Dangerous World Of Cheerleading they were modeled after.

The development of strong administrative structures, in particular Essay On Foreshadowing In Romeo And Juliet related to extraction of taxes, is closely associated with the intense warfare between predatory European states in the 17th and 18th centuries, or in Charles Tilly 's famous formulation: The Causes And Effects Of The Lebanese Civil War made the state and the state made war". Nevertheless, Western states that survived into the latter half of the 20th century were considered "strong" by simple reason that they had managed to develop the institutional structures and military capability required to survive predation by their fellow states.

In sharp contrast, decolonization was an entirely different process of state formation.