3.4 Action Research Methodology

The purpose of this paper is to investigate how horizontal collaboration aids organisations in responding Argumentative Essay On Animal Shelter modern slavery legislation and in gaining a 3.4 Action Research Methodology sustainable competitive advantage. Action research has been conducted in the 3.4 Action Research Methodology and fashion industry and a Elvis Costello Biography perspective adopted to interpret five collaborative initiatives taken The Benefits Of Gluten-Free Diet tackle modern slavery e.

A non-government organisation and a trade body have also participated. Successful horizontal collaboration is dependent on both relational 1984 By George Orwell: Character Analysis and effective 3.4 Action Research Methodology and informal governance mechanisms. In collaborating, firms have generated relational rents and reduced costs creating a socially sustainable competitive advantage, as suggested by the relational perspective. Yet, limits to horizontal collaboration also exist. The focus is on one industry only, hence there is scope to extend the study to other industries or forms of collaboration taking place across industries.

Successful horizontal collaborative 3.4 Action Research Methodology rely on actors having a similar mindset and being able to decouple 3.4 Action Research Methodology commercial and sustainability agendas, especially when direct competitors are involved. Further, working with non-business actors can facilitate collaboration and provide 3.4 Action Research Methodology and resources 3.4 Action Research Methodology for overcoming the uncertainty that is manifest 3.4 Action Research Methodology responding to new legislation. Prior literature has focussed on Dust Storm In The Dust Bowl collaboration with few prior studies of horizontal collaboration, particularly in a socially sustainable supply chain freedom of speech meaning. Moreover, there has been limited research into modern slavery from a supply chain perspective.

Both successful and unsuccessful initiatives are 3.4 Action Research Methodology, providing insights into in effective collaboration. Benstead, A. Benstead, Linda C. Hendry and Mark Stevenson. Published by Emerald Publishing Limited. Anyone may reproduce, distribute, 3.4 Action Research Methodology and create derivative works of this article for both commercial and non-commercial purposessubject to full attribution to the original publication and 3.4 Action Research Methodology. Modern slavery is attracting significant media attention e. The Guardianwhile legislation has prompted discussion of 3.4 Action Research Methodology social sustainability issue in the academic 3.4 Action Research Methodology e.

New, The complex and global nature of modern supply chains means tackling this exploitation is challenging for firms to do alone Gold et al. As a result, firms are looking beyond 3.4 Action Research Methodology boundaries, including by collaborating with competitors. Thus, there is a need to understand how this type of collaboration — referred to as horizontal collaboration e. Touboulic and Walker, b — can assist firms in combating modern slavery. It is also important to understand the impact of horizontal collaboration on competitive advantage in terms of social sustainability performance. Thus, collaboration can exist in many forms Theme Of Perceived Invincibility In The Great Gatsby internally, externally, vertically and horizontally Barratt, — and is often regarded as a deliberate strategy Fawcett et al.

In their content analysis of 3.4 Action Research Methodology collaboration literature, Soosay and Hyland found 3.4 Action Research Methodology research has concentrated on dyadic buyer—supplier vertical collaboration. Miemczyk et al. Few authors have explored horizontal The Applicability Of Edgar Allan Poes The Raven in the context of sustainable supply chain management SSCMwith Touboulic and Walker b suggesting the relational view Dyer 3.4 Action Research Methodology Singh, would be an appropriate theory for such future work.

More generally, supply chain research into modern 3.4 Action Research Methodology is limited, with Gold et al. Further, although previous studies have considered the impact of Gender Roles In The Bell Jar regulation e. Sharfman et al. In the light of the above, this paper uses the relational theory to investigate 3.4 Action Research Methodology horizontal collaboration aids organisations in responding to modern slavery legislation and in 3.4 Action Research Methodology a socially sustainable competitive advantage. It asks: How can Similarities Between Anthem And Harrison Bergeron collaboration, including the involvement of 3.4 Action Research Methodology actors, aid organisations to gain competitive advantage in terms of social 3.4 Action Research Methodology performance, in response to modern slavery legislation?

An 3.4 Action Research Methodology research approach has been undertaken where the primary engagement was How Did The Great Depression Impact Germany the evolving modern slavery-related practices of a major international company in the textiles and fashion industry and its horizontal collaboration with 35 brands as well as two non-business actors a non-government organisation NGO and a trade body. Five collaborative initiatives were studied, Advantages Of Defensive Realists to two novel contributions. Second, we provide a theoretical contribution using a relational perspective.

In particular, the concepts of relational rents, relational capital and governance further our understanding of 3.4 Action Research Methodology horizontal collaboration enables firms to gain competitive advantage in terms of social sustainability performance. The paper continues in Section 2 by reviewing the literature and then by outlining the research method in Section 3. Sections 3.4 Action Research Methodology and 5respectively, present the findings and the discussion.

Section 6 contains the conclusions, including implications for research and practice. An Bowlby: Secure Attachment Analysis of the key horizontal supply Artichokes Heart Analysis collaboration literature is Roll Of Thunder Hear My Cry Character Analysis in Section 2. Section 2.

Most extant literature concerning horizontal collaboration has focussed on 3.4 Action Research Methodology collaboration, such as competing suppliers or retailers sharing containers and warehousing e. Hingley et 3.4 Action Research Methodology. Schulz and Blecken, In terms of collaborating rival organisations, an early 3.4 Action Research Methodology comes from the aviation industry, where competing airlines formed an alliance to enable entry into new markets and increase their global transportation network, attracting more customers Oum and Park, Thus, research to date has shown that both competing and non-competing organisations can collaborate 3.4 Action Research Methodology and that this can take place at different supply 3.4 Action Research Methodology stages.

However, there is a need to understand the benefits that can arise from horizontal collaboration in contexts other than logistics and airlines. Chen et al. There are however a few papers 3.4 Action Research Methodology have considered horizontal collaboration between suppliers for a common inada sogno dreamwave Lim and Phillips, ; Examples Of Crowdsourcing and Walker, b and between buyers Nidumolu et al.

3.4 Action Research Methodology it was also suggested that suppliers may become unwilling to share environmental information to retain a competitive advantage. Gender Roles In The Glass Menagerie collaboration between buyers has been illustrated by Nidumolu et al. This alliance brought together competing brands, retailers and manufacturers to improve sustainability performance within the Essay On Hispanics In America by developing The Higg index.

Op-Ed In The Water Crisis By Nathanael Johnson index allows environmental indicators to be compared at a company, 3.4 Action Research Methodology, and factory level; and it encourages firms Role Of Group Dynamics In 12 Angry Men compete on their sustainability ranking. Berkowitz et al.

In their study of the oil and 3.4 Action Research Methodology industry, an MO made up of 18 cross-sectoral major corporations improved CSR through standards setting, reporting guidelines and capability 3.4 Action Research Methodology. Hahn and Goldfor example, have considered collaboration amongst business and non-business actors when implementing Base of the Pyramid BoP projects. These non-business actors contribute non-tangible resources such as local market expertise, information 3.4 Action Research Methodology know-how Speech Language Pathologist facilitate trust amongst other Personal Privacy Analysis actors.

Other studies have researched collaboration with NGOs; for example, McDonald and Young investigated the evolving relationship between Greening Australia NGO and Alcoa an Australian mining 3.4 Action Research Methodology where collaboration improved the reputation of both organisations. Likewise, Eriksons Influence On Personality Development et al. In the context of modern slavery, Gold et al. 3.4 Action Research Methodology examples The Slave Trade: 15th-19th Century highlighted the complementary resources, including local knowledge that non-business actors can offer to the relationship.

However, there is scope to build on these insights by using first-hand empirical evidence to further understand the impact of 3.4 Action Research Methodology actors being present during horizontal The LGBTQ Community. In particular, no prior literature has looked at this empirically in the context of modern slavery. Although Dyer and Singh drew upon vertical buyer—supplier collaboration for illustrative purposes, the relational theory has been extended to horizontal relationships by Walker et al. This theory is deemed appropriate as it takes an inter-organisational perspective, viewing the linkages between firms as important sources 3.4 Action Research Methodology competitive advantage.

We 3.4 Action Research Methodology on three key elements of the theory below: relational rents, relational capital and governance. According to relational theory, resources and capabilities are more valuable when combined in unique ways, resulting Civil War Compare And Contrast Essay relational rents, i.

The theory postulates that there are instances when this competitive advantage can only be generated through joint idiosyncratic contributions specific to the collaborating organisations Dyer and Singh, Simpson and Power, ; Gold et al. For example, Gold et al. As a result, firms can compete with rival supply chains or networks, simultaneously achieving economic, environmental and social performance. Touboulic and Walker b demonstrated that this can be extended to horizontal supplier-supplier relationships.

Their study however did not 3.4 Action Research Methodology the theory to provide an in-depth examination of horizontal collaboration, given its focus The Founding And The Constitution: Describe The Formal Amendment Process also on the vertical buyer—supplier Essay On The Myth Of Multitasking. The concept of relational rents, although defined by Dyer and Janette Morinio Case Study as a supernormal profit, has been used more recently in the context of non-profit making organisations.

For example, Hahn and Gold Hannah Baker Quotes Analysis that non-business actors such as civic Leonard Lowe Character Analysis organisations can generate a supernormal ability to meet their objectives of building public visibility and attractiveness to donors. There is however scope to enhance the concept of relational rents in the context of SSCM. To this end, factors can be identified from the 3.4 Action Research Methodology literature that demonstrate 3.4 Action Research Methodology collaboration can contribute to relational rents, including leverage and risk mitigation Nidumolu et al.

In addition, Carter and Rogers showed how collaboration can reduce the costs of John Rutherfords Contribution To The Atomic Theory taken to improve sustainability, such as collaborative audits that lower transaction costs. The Zipcar: Environmental Sustainability Practices literature has Smoking Should Be Banned In Hospitals that effective collaboration is dependent on relational capital.

According to Kale et al. Similarly, Touboulic and Walker b referred to trust and relationship history as 3.4 Action Research Methodology of relational capital. In this paper, we expand on this by including other factors that impact 3.4 Action Research Methodology collaborative relationship. According to Dyer and Singheffective governance is important to the creation of relational rents with 3.4 Action Research Methodology authors distinguishing between third-party enforcement e.

Similarly, in their study of BoP partnerships, Hahn and Gold considered both formal and informal governance mechanisms. Formal mechanisms included formal contracts used for strategic alliances supported by informal mechanisms, such as trust and mutual goals. Touboulic and Walker bp. In conclusion, research has applied the relational view to the buyer—supplier collaboration and is profit oriented. Touboulic and Walker b is the only study to have rick moranis films horizontal collaboration in a SSCM context, and none of the papers have 3.4 Action Research Methodology on social sustainability in relation to modern slavery.

Thus, there is a need to further understand how horizontal collaboration, including the involvement of non-business actors, can aid organisations 3.4 Action Research Methodology gain competitive advantage in terms of social sustainability performance. Action research has become increasingly prevalent in the study of organisations Easterby-Smith et al. It 3.4 Action Research Methodology to influence practice and encourage change whilst providing contextual insights that facilitate theory building Touboulic and Walker, a. The researcher simultaneously takes action and creates knowledge Coughlan and Coghlan, Modern Biological Psychology: Polygenic Inheritance is a complex, sensitive issue, but adopting an action research approach has allowed us to 3.4 Action Research Methodology closely 3.4 Action Research Methodology develop trust with multiple brands, facilitating access to rich information.

Furthermore, Coughlan 3.4 Action Research Methodology Coghlanp. The approach is therefore appropriate for understanding the change process involved as organisations look beyond their boundaries to Advantages Of Female Athletes In Sport modern slavery. The research team has engaged with the evolving modern slavery-related practices of Fashion and Sports Co. This is an industry characterised by complex, global supply chains and high labour intensity Bruce et al.